Abstract: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have emerged as potential health risks in milk and dairy products due to their chemical inertness and bioaccumulative properties. This paper systematically reviews the detection methods, migration and transformation mechanisms, and pollution control strategies for PFASs in milk and dairy products. Sample preparation techniques including liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe), supercritical fluid extraction, and metal-organic framework-based dispersive solid-phase extraction have been widely applied in conjunction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry to achieve precise quantification of PFASs at trace to ultra-trace levels. PFASs migrate through the “environment-feed-cattle-milk” pathway, with significant differences in accumulation and transfer efficiency between short-chain and long-chain PFASs. In dairy cows, PFASs primarily distribute in serum protein-bound forms, and some novel PFASs exhibit uncertainties in biotransformation. During dairy processing, thermal treatment and contact materials may cause redistribution or migration of PFASs. Finally, a comprehensive pollution control strategy combining source control, production process interventions, and active removal technologies provides a scientific basis for reducing exposure to PFASs from dairy products. This review aims to offer theoretical references and practical guidance for dairy product safety regulation, risk assessment, and pollution prevention.

Key words: dairy products; perfluorinated compounds; sources of contamination; migration and control

摘要： 全氟和多氟烷基化合物（per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances，PFASs）因具有化学惰性和生物蓄积特性，已成为乳及乳制品中潜在的健康风险因素。本文系统综述PFASs在乳及乳制品中的检测方法、迁移与转化机制及污染控制策略。首先，乳制品样品前处理技术，包括液-液萃取、固相萃取、QuEChERS（quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe）、超临界流体萃取及基于金属有机框架的分散固相萃取方法已被广泛应用，配合液相色谱-串联质谱及高分辨质谱技术，可实现痕量至超痕量PFASs的精准定量。其次，PFASs通过“环境-饲料-奶牛-牛乳”体系迁移，短链与长链PFASs的蓄积与转移效率存在显著差异，其在奶牛体内主要以血清蛋白结合形式分布，部分新型PFASs存在生物转化不确定性。在乳制品加工过程中，热处理及接触材料均可能导致PFASs的重新分布或迁移。最后，源头控制、生产过程干预及主动去除技术构成综合污染防控策略，为降低乳制品中PFASs暴露提供科学依据。本文旨在为乳制品安全监管、风险评估及污染防控提供理论参考与实践指导。

关键词: 乳制品；全氟化合物；污染来源；迁移与控制