Abstract: The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with an imbalance in the gut microbiota. The molecular mechanisms by which milk-derived probiotics regulate the gut microbiota and improve host metabolism have attracted significant attention. This review summarizes the core mechanisms by which milk-derived probiotics interact with the host to improve T2DM. Specifically, probiotics repair the intestinal barrier and reshape the microbial community structure, producing metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids. These metabolites subsequently activate key molecular targets, including G protein-coupled receptors 41/43 and farnesoid X receptor, ultimately alleviating peripheral insulin resistance in the host and protecting pancreatic β-cell function. Furthermore, this paper reviews recent research on the application of probiotics, including screening for functional strains based on hypoglycemic mechanisms and microencapsulation. By elucidating the interaction mechanisms between probiotics and the host, this study aims to provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the development of precision prevention and treatment strategies for T2DM based on milk-derived probiotics.

Key words: milk-derived probiotics; type 2 diabetes mellitus; glucolipid metabolism; gut microbiota; short-chain fatty acids

摘要： 2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus，T2DM）的全球流行与肠道微生态失衡密切相关。乳源益生菌调节肠道菌群，改善宿主代谢的分子机制备受关注。本文综述乳源益生菌与宿主互作改善T2DM的核心机制，即益生菌通过修复肠道屏障及重塑菌群结构，产生短链脂肪酸、次级胆汁酸等代谢产物，进一步激活G蛋白偶联受体41/43、法尼醇X受体等关键分子靶点，最终减轻宿主外周胰岛素抵抗、保护胰岛β细胞功能的调控途径。基于上述机制，本文进一步探讨益生菌的应用研究，包括基于降血糖机制的功能菌株筛选及微囊化工艺等。探讨益生菌与宿主互作机制，为开发基于乳源益生菌的精准化T2DM防治方案提供理论依据与实践指导。

关键词: 乳源益生菌；2型糖尿病；糖脂代谢；肠道菌群；短链脂肪酸