关键词: 乳源益生菌；2型糖尿病；糖脂代谢；肠道菌群；短链脂肪酸

Abstract: The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with an imbalance in the gut microbiota. The molecular mechanisms by which milk-derived probiotics regulate the gut microbiota and improve host metabolism have attracted significant attention. This review summarizes the core mechanisms by which milk-derived probiotics interact with the host to improve T2DM. Specifically, probiotics repair the intestinal barrier and reshape the microbial community structure, producing metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids. These metabolites subsequently activate key molecular targets, including G protein-coupled receptors 41/43 and farnesoid X receptor, ultimately alleviating peripheral insulin resistance in the host and protecting pancreatic β-cell function. Furthermore, this paper reviews recent research on the application of probiotics, including screening for functional strains based on hypoglycemic mechanisms and microencapsulation. By elucidating the interaction mechanisms between probiotics and the host, this study aims to provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the development of precision prevention and treatment strategies for T2DM based on milk-derived probiotics.

Key words: milk-derived probiotics; type 2 diabetes mellitus; glucolipid metabolism; gut microbiota; short-chain fatty acids