关键词: 牛乳磷脂, 乳脂肪球膜, 脂质代谢, 代谢相关脂肪性肝病, 肥胖

Abstract: Milk phospholipids have become a research hotspot due to their unique biological activity with significant potential, especially in regulating liver lipid metabolism, body fat distribution, and intestinal microbiota balance. This article provides a systematic review of its classification, composition, structural characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms on lipid metabolism, exploring its potential application value. Milk phospholipids are mainly derived from milk fat globules and nanovesicles, with glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids as the main components. Their concentration and composition are influenced by cow breeds, lactation stages, and processing methods. They have amphiphilicity and can form a stable emulsion system, with functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and promoting neural development. Cow milk phospholipids regulate liver lipid metabolism through the following pathways: ① Inhibiting key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (such as acetyl CoA carboxylase); ② Activate lipid degradation pathways (such as PPAR - α - mediated β - oxidation); ③ Regulating lipid transport related genes (such as SR-BI); ④ Indirectly regulate the release of free fatty acids through the aggregation and digestion characteristics of fat globules. In terms of body fat regulation, bovine milk phospholipids exhibit dose and model dependent effects. Supplementing with milk fat globule membrane during childhood can prevent adult body fat accumulation; In the context of a high-fat diet, adult supplementation may increase visceral fat content, but enhance energy expenditure and alleviate obesity by promoting browning of white adipose. The interaction with gut microbiota is one of its important mechanisms, which increases the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Bacteroidetes, inhibits Gram negative bacteria, improves intestinal barrier function, reduces the risk of endotoxemia, and indirectly regulates metabolic inflammation and lipid homeostasis. B-class scavenger receptor 1 may play a central role in the action of bovine milk phospholipids. It activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase protein kinase B signaling pathway by binding to anionic phospholipids, regulating lipid uptake and storage genes. Upregulation of B-class scavenger receptor 1 expression in high-fat diets amplifies the effect of promoting lipid deposition. In this context, bovine milk phospholipids may exacerbate fat accumulation, reflecting the complexity of their mechanism of action. Although the effect is significant in animal models, clinical translation faces challenges such as lack of standardization of dose-response and physiological differences between humans and animals. Future research needs to combine multi omics techniques and clinical trials to explore personalized intervention strategies, develop functional foods based on cow's milk phospholipids, and address the global burden of metabolic diseases such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In summary, bovine milk phospholipids regulate lipid metabolism through multiple targets and mechanisms, with broad application prospects. However, the specific mechanisms and clinical applications need further investigation.

Key words: milk phospholipids, milk fat globule membrane, lipid metabolism, metabolic related fatty liver disease, obesity