Abstract: In recent decades, due to the change of people’s living environment and lifestyle, the incidence rate of cow’s milk allergy (CMA) has risen sharply, especially in infants and young children, which has become a major public health problem worldwide. Some studies have shown that the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the host immune system in early life can affect the development of food allergy, and the imbalance of intestinal microecology in early life will lead to an increase in the probability of immune-mediated diseases in later life. Therefore, the colonization of beneficial microbiota in the gut at the early stage of life is likely to become a key target for the prevention and treatment of CMA. Beginning with an overview of the current status of research on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of milk allergy, this paper focuses on the relationship between the intestinal microflora and CMA and on the positive role microorganisms play in the prevention and treatment of CMA, aiming to provide potential strategies for precision prevention and improvement of CMA.

Key words: cow’s milk allergy; allergenic protein; allergic mechanism; intestinal microflora; prevention methods

摘要： 近几十年来，由于生活环境和方式的改变，牛乳过敏（cow’s milk allergy，CMA）发病率急剧上升，尤其是婴幼儿的发病率，成为世界瞩目的重大公共卫生问题。有研究表明，生命早期肠道微生物群与宿主免疫系统间相互作用，能够影响食物过敏的发展进程，且早期肠道微生态的失调将会导致宿主在日后发生免疫介导疾病的概率增加。因此，生命早期肠道内有益微生物群的定植很有可能成为预防和治疗CMA的关键靶点。本文在阐述CMA的发病机制和流行病学研究现状的基础上，重点讨论肠道微生物群与CMA的关系和微生物在防治CMA中的积极作用，旨在为精准预防CMA、改善CMA危害提供潜在策略。

关键词: 牛乳过敏；过敏原蛋白；过敏机制；肠道微生物群；防治方法