This review presents an overview of the current food safety problems in China. From the perspective of Marxist philosophy, it systematically analyzes the three main sources of food safety risks in China and provides targeted suggestions. There are historical reasons for the current food safety risks, which occur in accordance with the law of social development. Overall, various food safety risks exist objectively at present, and there is still a big gap between the food safety level and people’s needs for a better life. Scientifically speaking, food safety does not represent absolute safety. There should be zero tolerance to any food safety problem, but we must admit that there is no zero risk food. We suggest that the capacity to manage food safety risks should be enhanced by adhering to the people-centered development thought, adhering to the thought on ecological civilization, practicing the core socialist values, adhering to scientific development and implementing social co-governance.