Abstract: The standards for infant and young child formulae of China, the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), the European Union (EU), Australia and New Zealand (ANZ), and the United States were compared with respect to energy, protein, fat, and optional ingredients to identify differences in nutritional requirements. It was found?that China has established stringent standards for infant, follow-on, and young child formulae. The Chinese and CAC standards for infant and follow-on formulae are highly consistent, with nearly identical limits set for essential nutrients such as energy, total fat, total carbohydrates, protein, and vitamins. The major difference between them is that the addition of inositol and L-carnitine is mandated by the CAC, while these compounds are classified as optional ingredients in China. The limits set by China for essential ingredients such as energy, fat, and carbohydrates are consistent with those from the EU standards, while the limits for 13 nutrients including vitamins A and D are higher than those from the EU standards. Additionally, the EU has mandated the addition of inositol, L-carnitine, and docosahexaenoic acid, and has approved seven human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) for use in infant formula. In contrast, only two HMOs have been approved in China. These variations can be attributed to differences in breast milk composition data, infant dietary patterns, nutritional deficiency status, and regulatory philosophies among countries. This paper clarifies the similarities and differences in the nutritional requirements of domestic and international standards for infant and young child formulae, providing crucial insights for refining China’s regulatory revisions and guiding consumers in selecting products that meet the nutritional needs of local infants and young children.

Key words: infant and young child formulae; nutrients; standards; differences

摘要： 以中国、国际食品法典委员会（Codex Alimentarius Commission，CAC）、欧盟、澳大利亚和新西兰（简称“澳新”）及美国的婴幼儿配方食品标准为研究对象，从能量、蛋白质、脂肪及可选择性成分等方面进行对比，分析各标准间营养物质指标与含量限量的差异。研究发现，中国已构建覆盖0～3 岁婴幼儿的严格配方食品标准体系，涵盖婴儿、较大婴儿和幼儿配方食品。在婴儿和较大婴儿配方食品标准中，中国与CAC高度一致，能量、总脂肪、总碳水化合物、蛋白质及维生素等必需成分限量基本相同，主要差异在于肌醇和左旋肉碱在CAC标准中为强制添加成分，而在中国标准中则被归类为可选成分。与欧盟标准对比，尽管在能量、脂肪和碳水化合物等基础营养素的限量上要求一致，但中国对VA、VD等13 种营养素的限量要求更为严格（即设定更高限值）。此外，欧盟强制要求添加肌醇、左旋肉碱和二十二碳六烯酸，并已批准7 种母乳低聚糖（human milk oligosaccharides，HMOs）用于婴幼儿配方乳粉，中国目前仅批准2 种HMOs的应用。这些差异源于各国母乳成分数据、婴幼儿膳食结构、营养缺乏状况及监管理念的不同。本文明晰国内外婴幼儿配方食品标准间营养物质指标与含量限值的异同，为完善我国相关标准及指导消费者科学选择符合本土婴幼儿营养需求的产品提供了重要参考和依据。

关键词: 婴幼儿配方食品；营养成分；标准；差异