Although the production efficiency of lactic acid bacterial starter cultures can be greatly reduced by using spray drying technology, the low viable count of spray dried starter cultures is a bottleneck currently. Therefore, this paper reviews the effects of different stress treatments on the survival rate of lactic acid bacteria after spray drying. It has been found that stress treatments stress treatments induce lactic acid bacteria to produce stress proteins to repair or degrade damaged proteins, or adjust the membrane fatty acid composition to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and regulate cellular metabolic pathways to enhance resistance, ultimately increasing the survival rate of lactic acid bacteria after spray drying. We believe that this paper will provide a theoretical reference for selecting reasonable stress treatments to improve the survival rate of lactic acid bacteria after spray drying.