Human milk contains a large amount of vitamin C, which can meet the needs of newborns’ early growth and development. Vitamin C has been proven to have multiple functions such as preventing scurvy, treating hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and preventing placental abruption. This article provides an overview of the content of vitamin C in human milk in different countries/regions, the factors influencing it and its health effects on infants, hoping to provide a reference for the development of infant formula milk powder.

In recent decades, due to the change of people’s living environment and lifestyle, the incidence rate of cow’s milk allergy (CMA) has risen sharply, especially in infants and young children, which has become a major public health problem worldwide. Some studies have shown that the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the host immune system in early life can affect the development of food allergy, and the imbalance of intestinal microecology in early life will lead to an increase in the probability of immune-mediated diseases in later life. Therefore, the colonization of beneficial microbiota in the gut at the early stage of life is likely to become a key target for the prevention and treatment of CMA. Beginning with an overview of the current status of research on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of milk allergy, this paper focuses on the relationship between the intestinal microflora and CMA and on the positive role microorganisms play in the prevention and treatment of CMA, aiming to provide potential strategies for precision prevention and improvement of CMA.