Organoids are derived from adult or pluripotent stem cells through in vitro differentiation, which can recapitulate the cellular diversity, spatial organization, and physiological functions of in vivo organs or tissues. Organoid models have been widely used in drug development, precision medicine and other fields, and have begun to be applied in the field of food safety. This paper briefly introduces the development history, classification and construction of organoids and their application in the metabolomics, nutritional and functional evaluation of milk and dairy products and research on their roles in intestinal protection. It also summarizes problems existing in the construction of organoid models and discusses future prospects for their application in milk and dairy products in order to provide a reference for further application of organoid models in various fields including food safety and nutrition.

A method for the determination of 25 β-receptor agonist residues in milk and dairy products was established based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were enzymatically hydrolyzed in 0.2 mol/L ammonium acetate solution at pH 5.2 for 16 h. After the removal of fat and protein through glass fiber filter paper, the filtrate was purified by solid phase extraction (SPE) using a PRiME MCX solid phase extraction column, and separated on a Waters BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) by gradient elution using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. Mass spectrometry was performed using an electrospray ionization source (ESI) in the positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and quantitative determination was performed using the internal standard method. The proposed method showed good linearity for all analytes in the concentration range of 0.2–50.0 ng/mL with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.996; the recoveries ranged from 80.3% to 106.2% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.6%–8.5% (n = 6). The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.05–0.10 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.10–0.20 μg/kg. This method is simple, efficient and suitable for the determination of the 25 β-receptor agonist residues in milk and dairy products.

An uncertainty evaluation method for the microbiological determination of biotin in infant formula was developed in order to control the quality of test results and improve the detection accuracy, a method for uncertainty evaluation of milk powder by method was established. According to the requirements of the Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (JJF 1059.1—2012) and the Guide to the Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GB/T 27418—2017), the uncertainty components were estimated for the determination of biotin in infant formula by the method specified in the National Food Safety Standard Determination of Biotin in Foods (GB 5009.259—2016). It was found that the greatest uncertainty resulted from standard curve fitting and repeatability test. The uncertainty for the biotin content of three infant formula samples was as follows: sample A (19.87 ± 2.84) μg/100 g, B (30.35 ± 4.41) μg/100 g, and C (53.15 ± 7.15) μg/100 g (in the 95% confidence interval, coverage factor (k) = 2). As the content of biotin in samples increased, the expanded uncertainty also increased.

Aptamer technology is a new detection technology which has been widely used in the field of animal-origin food safety detection because of its specificity, high affinity, rapidity and low cost. In this paper, we describe the principle and classification of aptamer screening technologies, and we review recent progress in their applications in the detection of food additives, veterinary drug, hormone and antibiotic residues, mycotoxins, and pathogenic bacteria in milk and dairy products.

An analytical method for the determination of 4 steroid hormones in milk and milk power was developed by filtration solid phase extraction combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and purified on a PRiME HLB cartridge. Then the chromatographic separation was achieved using an Acquity BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 2.5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile. The compounds were ionized using an electrospray ionization source in the negative ion mode and quantitated by the internal standard method. The results showed that the calibration curves of all analytes had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.2–100.0 ng/mL. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.4–2.0 and 0.8–4.0 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the method were in range of 87.7%–110.8% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.85%–4.56% in milk and in range of 89.2%–107.4% with RSDs of 0.85%–4.56% in milk power. This method was proved to be rapid, sensitive, and useful for the quantification of 4 steroid hormones in milk and milk power samples.

A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of vancomycin, norvancomycin and teicoplanin in milk samples. Selective reaction monitoring was performed and the external standard method was used for quantification. Among various solvents tested, 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile (85:15, V/V) was selected. Samples were ultrasonically extracted and vancomycin and norvancomycin were cleaned up by cation exchange column chromatography, while teicoplanin was purified using a C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid solution was chosen as mobile phase for gradient elution. The analytes were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column before being analyzed by mass spectrometry. The limits of detection (LOD) for vancomycin, norvancomycin and teicoplanin were 2, 1 and 2 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 4, 2 and 4 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the method ranged from 77.3% to 84.5% at spiked levels equal to LOQ, 5 × LOQ and 10 × LOQ, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 4.7%–7.2%. The method could be used in the qualitative and quantitative detection of vancomycin, norvancomycin and teicoplanin in milk samples.