Dairy cows show lower disease resistance with late pregnancy, calving, lactation and other physiological changes during the peripartum period. Subsequently, the cows are prone to many diseases such as hypocalcaemia (milk fever) after calving. In this paper, the pathogenesis, hazards, influencing factors and control principles of hypocalcemia in dairy cows during the peripartum period are summarized in order to provide theoretical references for the feeding and management of dairy cows.