In recent years, the safety of animal original food has become a growing public concern. In order to ensure food safety, China has continuously upgraded relevant standards. Milk is the ideal food for human beings, and raw milk determines the quality and safety of dairy product. In this context, this article reviews and compares the limits for contaminants, mycotoxins, microbial contamination, pesticide residues, and veterinary drug residues in raw milk in China, the European Union, and Japan, and proposes suggestions for improving the raw milk standards in China.

The yak is a rare animal that predominantly lives on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The production volume of yak milk is low, but it is rich in nutrients, containing higher contents of protein, fat and lactose compared with Holstein milk, as well as abundant amounts of other nutrients. Furthermore, it is found that yak milk has anti-hypoxia, anti-fatigue and antioxidant activities, among other, which may be attributed to the unique habitat of yaks. In this article, the lactation performance of yaks, as well as the nutritional components and functional characteristics of yak milk is reviewed, with a view to providing a theoretical reference for the development and utilization of yak milk.

In this study, nutritional data on the four major kinds of infant products for special medical purposes produced in China and some other countries were collected and compared for differences in the three calorigenic nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and mandatory or optional nutrients. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on these data. The results showed that the domestic brands of amino acid-based or hypoallergenic infant formula were significantly richer in fat, vitamin K, pantothenic acid, and taurine than the imported brands (P < 0.05), but had a significantly lower content of folic acid (P < 0.05). The contents of fat, manganese, taurine, and carnitine in the domestic brands of partially hydrolyzed milk infant formula were significantly higher than those in the imported brands (P < 0.05). The contents of iron, vitamin D, and vitamin B2 in the domestic brands of lactose-free or low-lactose infant formula were significantly higher than those in the imported brands (P < 0.05). Notwithstanding, no significant differences in any of the tested nutrients were observed between the domestic and imported brands of infant formula for low birth weight infants and preterm infants. The results of PCA showed that the contents of manganese, VB5 and VB3 made the greatest contribution to the nutritional difference between the domestic and imported brands of amino acid-based or hypoallergenic infant formula, the contents of VB6, VB2, VB5 and VB3 made the greatest contribution to the nutritional difference between the domestic and imported brands of partially hydrolyzed milk infant formula, while the contents of VB5 and VB3 made the greatest contribution to the nutritional difference between the domestic and imported brands of lactose-free or low-lactose infant formula and of infant formula for low birth weight infants and preterm infants.