The periparturient period of dairy cows, namely a transition period from three weeks before calving to three weeks after calving, is characterized by endocrine and metabolic changes to accommodate parturition and lactation. Dairy cows experience some degree of negative energy balance during this period, which may affect the susceptibility of cows to metabolic disorders and infectious diseases, as well as to milk production. This paper summarizes the physiological, nutritional and metabolic characteristics in periparturient dairy cows. The aim of this review is to offer a new idea for the raising and management of dairy cows and relevant research.