Abstract: This study aimed to use 16S rRNA gene sequencing to explore the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) raw milk (individual raw milk samples, mixed samples from temporary storage tanks, and cooled milk samples from tanker trucks) and environmental samples (feed, forage grass, and bedding soil) from three camel farming cooperatives in Hami, Xinjiang (six samples each). The results showed that a total of 4 102 198 raw sequences, 3 482 896 valid sequences and 66 514 amplicon sequence variants were obtained from the 18 samples. Significant differences existed in the composition of microbial communities between the raw milk and environmental samples. The dominant bacterial phylum in the raw milk samples was Pseudomonadaceae (37.36%), followed by Bacteroidetes (31.65%) and Bacillota (22.92%); whereas in the environmental samples, the dominant bacterial phylum was Firmicutes (38.27%), followed by Cyanobacteriota (36.34%) and Pseudomonadaceae (14.21%). These findings indicate that camel milk is at risk of bacterial contamination during collection and storage, and feedstuffs and forages can serve as temporary bacterial reservoirs. Milking procedures and the hygiene of the breeding environment are two key factors affecting raw milk quality, which require focused attention in practical production.

Key words: Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus); raw milk; breeding environment; bacterial diversity

摘要： 分别采集3 个骆驼养殖合作社的双峰驼原料乳样本（生鲜乳单样、暂存罐混样及乳罐运输车中的冷却乳样）与骆驼养殖环境样本（饲料、饲草及垫土）各6 组，采用16S rRNA测序技术对原料乳及环境样本细菌群落结构及多样性进行分析。结果表明，18 组样本共获得4 102 198 条原始序列、3 482 896 条有效序列和66 514 个扩增子序列变体。原料乳与环境样本中微生物组成存在差异，原料乳样本的优势细菌门以假单胞菌门（Pseudomonadaceae）（37.36%）为主，其次为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）（31.65%）、厚壁菌门（Bacillota）（22.92%）；环境样本的优势细菌门以厚壁菌门（38.27%）为主，其次为蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteriota）（36.34%）、假单胞菌门（14.21%）。综上，驼乳采集、贮藏等环节存在被细菌污染风险，饲草料等投入品也是细菌的暂存地，挤奶程序与养殖环境卫生是影响原料乳质量的两大关键，在实际生产中需重点关注。

关键词: 双峰驼；原料乳；养殖环境；细菌多样性