Abstract: Milk protein is the most important nutrient in the initial stage of life, and it is abundant in kind and quantity. The composition of milk proteins has been made more complex and tremendously increased through a large number of genetic variations and sufficient protein translation. Proteomics permits one to systematically and integrally study milk proteins to understand the ways milk proteins constitute and regulate some life activities and further obtain a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the expression levels of milk proteins. This paper describes the main techniques used in proteomics studies, including two dimensional electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), mass spectrometry and bioinformatics techniques. The applications of proteomics in studies on human and bovine milk in particular differential proteomics analysis are discussed. To conclude, proteomics allows a better understanding of human and bovine milk which can provide a theoretical basis for developing infant foods and dairy products.

Key words: proteomics; milk proteins; human milk; bovine milk

摘要： 乳蛋白是生命最初阶段中最为重要的营养功能成分,并且种类多样、含量丰富.通过一系列的遗传改变、丰富的蛋白质翻译后修饰,使乳蛋白的构成变得非常复杂、数量异常庞大.采用蛋白质组学方法对乳蛋白进行系统、整体地研究,可以认识乳蛋白质在构成以及调控一些生命活动中的规律.这样能够非常全面、深入地表明乳蛋白质的表达水平.本文阐述了蛋白质组学中的主要技术,包括双向电泳技术、高效液相色谱技术、同位素标记相对和绝对定量(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation,iTRAQ)技术、质谱技术以及生物信息学技术.分别讨论了蛋白质组学技术在人乳、牛乳中的应用,并对人乳与牛乳的差异蛋白质组学进行讨论.利用蛋白质组学技术分析人乳与牛乳蛋白,能够更有目的地加强对人乳与牛乳的认识,旨在为婴幼儿食品以及乳制品提供理论依据.

关键词: 蛋白质组学；乳蛋白；人乳；牛乳